As winter turned into spring, a rumor that all freed slaves had been promised "forty acres and a mule" spread like warm weather through the Southern states.
The government never actually promised anyone forty acres and a mule. Sherman's order was explicitly temporary, pending a final decision from Congress on the status of the land, and even then it applied only to a small fraction of freedmen.
Rumors of land: the unfulfilled dream of "forty acres and a mule."
Whether you have
forty acres and a mule or a condo with a balcony, you can do more than you think to safeguard your health, your money, and the planet.
Homegrown & handmade
"
Forty acres and a mule" were viewed as ample assets for self-sufficiency Small farming with draft animals continued until the introduction of the tractor in the early 20th century The mule was virtually the sole motive force in farming; and after working long daylight hours, mules contributed their durability and energy for hayrides, bareback riding, racing and coon hunting.
Mule totes major load of agricultural history: George Washington realized the need for an economical work animal
While Robeson was an interpreter of his "people's songs," Oscar authored them, and none more poignant and pointed as "Bid'em In," "Work Song," "
Forty Acres and a Mule," and "Brown Baby."
A man of many gifts: for Oscar Brown Jr., music and words were a driving force: his art remains an enduring reminder of just how much he enriched American culture with his performances, wit, songs, plays, essays and activism
AMERICAN HISTORY:
FORTY ACRES AND A MULE, PAGES 12-14
Forty acres and a mule: after the Civil War, 4 million former slaves had their freedom--but not much else. What could be done to help get them on their feet?
"I think after the movie, (these comedians) will be bombarded with offers," predicts Walter Latham, who promoted the tour and whose Latham Entertainment co-produced the film with MTV Films and Lee's
Forty Acres and a Mule Filmworks.
When they were `Kings'
The promise of
Forty Acres and A Mule, which was supposed to transform the ex-slaves into a small entrepreneurial farmer class, such as settlement in land as was given to the Serfs in Russia and the landless peasants, after bourgeois revolutions in Europe, must be brought up to date.
The Case for Reparations
Even the name of Lee's production company,
Forty Acres and a Mule Filmworks - an allusion to a still-born legislative proposal after the Civil War to give land and the means to cultivate it to each freed slave - acknowledges, however reluctantly (note the "pause" in Lee's assertion), the free-enterprise economy as that medium of empowerment most pragmatically instrumental to African-American culture.
The double truth, Ruth: 'Do the Right Thing' and the culture of ambiguity
First, the promise of Reconstruction (
forty acres and a mule promised to former slaves after the Civil War) was not kept.
Turning Back: The Retreat from Racial Justice in American Thought and Policy
Rhetoric, yes, and Williams must know the
forty acres and a mule ain't coming.
Thanks a million: I went to the march, and all I got was this lousy press pass
I made its original inhabitants the beneficiaries of "the
forty acres and a mule" promise, which awarded them free land in Virginia, and I made them descendants of white plantation owners, African Americans and Powhatan Indians.
The anatomy of a town: dreaming up characters and shaping a plot were relatively easy, but conjuring up a whole town? That took thought
The myth of
forty acres and a mule haunts his arguments for African American rights to access in culture industries and artistic spaces.
Alliances across the margins
details the movement to redress this indisputable crime against humanity, from the 1865 "
forty acres and a mule" bill to the present-day lawsuits pending against corporations and governments who benefited from slavery.
Should America Pay? Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations
He might have prescribed Oscar Brown, Jr.'s calculation from "
Forty Acres and a Mule":
Confronting Authority: Reflections of an Ardent Protester