hold /BrEhəʊld; NAmEhoʊld/ (held, held /held/ ) ► SEE ALLhold sth against sbhold back (from doing sth)hold sb back (from doing sth)hold sb/sth backhold sth backhold back on sthhold sb downhold sb/sth downhold sth downhold forth (on/about sth) orhold sth inhold offhold sb/sth offhold onhold on (to sth/sb)hold sth onhold onto sb/sthhold on to sb/sthhold outhold out sthhold sth outhold out for sthhold out on sb hold sth overhold sth over sbhold to sthhold sb to sthhold sth to sthhold togetherhold sth togetherhold uphold sb/sth uphold sb/sth up as sthhold with sth●ˌhold sth aˈgainst sbto allow sth bad that sb has done to make you like or respect them less对某人记仇（或抱有成见）◆I was stupid—I hope you won’t hold it against me. 过去我很愚蠢——希望你别因此而看不起我。◆Do you hold any grudges against him? 你怨恨他吗？◆I don’t hold it against him that he lied to me. 他对我说过谎，但我并不计较。OBJit, grudgeNOTEHold sth against sb is often used with a negative such as don’t or won’t. * hold sth against sb 常与 don't、won't 等否定词连用。[v + n/pron + prep]●ˌhold ˈback (from doing sth)●ˌhold sb ˈback (from doing sth)to hesitate, or to make sb hesitate（使）犹豫，踌躇◆Don’t hold back! This opportunity is too good to miss! 别犹豫了！大好机会不容错失啊！◆Phil walked forward confidently but something held Ben back. 菲尔信心十足地走向前去，本却徘徊不决。◆I nearly told him what I thought of him, but I held back. 我差点把我对他的看法告诉了他，但我没有开口。[v + adv][v + n/pron + adv]●ˌhold sb/sth ˈback🔑1.to prevent sb/sth from moving forward or from entering or leaving a place阻挡，阻拦（前进或出入）◆The police were unable to hold back the fans. 警察拦不住那些崇拜者。2.to prevent the progress or development of sb/sth阻碍，妨碍（进步或发展）◆Now that he’s got this job, there’ll be no holding him back. 既然他已经得到了这份工作，就没什么能拦住他的事了。◆Teaching all the children together can hold the brighter children back. 所有孩子放在一起教，会妨碍聪明些的孩子进步。◆Low rates of investment will hold back technical progress. 投资率低会阻碍技术进步。◆Parents claim the tests are being used to hold children back (= not let them progress to the next class). 家长们声称这些测试是用来阻止孩子们升级的。[v + n/pron + adv][v + adv + n]●ˌhold sth ˈback🔑1. to stop yourself from expressing or showing how you feel抑制，克制（感情）◆They couldn’t hold back their laughter. 他们忍不住大笑起来。◆He struggled to hold back his tears. 他强忍住眼泪。OBJyour tears, your laughter SYNkeep sth back, contain sth (more formal) 2.to not tell sb sth that you wish to keep secret隐瞒，保守（秘密）◆I think he’s holding something back; he knows more than he’s admitting. 我认为他有所隐瞒；他还有事情没有交代。OBJsomething, anything, information SYNwithhold sth (more formal) 3.to keep sth such as money to use later留出，留下（金钱等供日后之用）◆£1 000 of the grant will be held back until the project is completed. 拨款中将扣留 1 000 英镑，等项目完成之后再发放。NOTEOften used in the passive.常用于被动语态。[v + adv + n][v + n/pron + adv]●ˌhold ˈback on sthto try to spend only a little time, money, etc. on sth; to show control in what you do节省；节制；克制◆She never held back on the tea and cakes when we visited. 我们去拜访她时，她从不吝惜茶点。◆She held back on her questioning (= she did not ask too many questions). 她的提问很有节制。[v + adv + prep]●ˌhold sb ˈdownto prevent sb from having their freedom or rights剥夺（某人的自由或权利）SYNoppress sb[v + adv + n][v + n/pron + adv]●ˌhold sb/sth ˈdownto use force to hold sb/sth in a particular position and stop them/it from moving按下；摁住◆He was held down and kicked by the two men. 两个男人按住他，踢他了几脚。◆Hold the mouse button down as you move the cursor. 移动光标时，按住鼠标键。[v + n/pron + adv][v + adv + n]●ˌhold sth ˈdown1.to manage to keep a job, position, etc. even though it may be difficult for you to do so努力保住（工作、职位等）◆He doesn’t seem able to hold down a full-time job. 他似乎无力保住一份全职工作。OBJa job2. (especially BrE) to keep sth at a low level使维持在低水平◆The company is trying to hold down costs. 公司正在力图维持低成本。◆The rate of inflation must be held down. 通货膨胀率必须控制在低水平上。OBJprices, wages, inflation, costs SYNkeep sth down3. (NAmE, informal) to limit sth, especially a noise限制（尤指噪声）◆Hold it down, will you? I’m trying to sleep! 小点声行吗？我要睡觉！4. (usually used in negative sentences通常用于否定句) to be able to eat food without bringing it back out of your mouth咽下不吐出来◆She hasn’t been able to hold any food down since the operation. 手术后她一吃东西就吐。OBJfood SYNkeep sth down5.to not allow yourself to show or express a strong emotion抑制，克制（强烈感情）◆I had to hold down the urge to hit him. 我不得不强忍住要揍他的冲动。[v + adv + n][v + n/pron + adv]●ˌhold ˈforth (on/about sth) (formalorhumorous) to speak for a long time and often in a boring or annoying way（对某事物）喋喋不休，大发议论◆He was holding forth about how successful his business is. 他滔滔不绝地大谈特谈他的公司如何红火。[v + adv]●ˌhold sth ˈin1.to keep sth inside a place so that it cannot fall out or escape把…固定在里面◆The straps hold the baby in securely. 带子把婴儿安全地系在里面。◆I had to hold my stomach in (= pull the muscles flat) to zip up my jeans. 我得收腹才能拉上牛仔裤的拉链。OBJyour stomach, your tummy2.to not show or express how you feel克制，忍住（感觉）◆I couldn’t hold in my anger any longer. 我怒不可遏。OPPlet sth out[v + n/pron + adv][v + adv + n]●ˌhold ˈoff1.if rain or a storm, etc. holds off, it does not start（降雨、风暴等）不来，延迟◆I hope the rain holds off for the wedding. 我希望这场雨能拖到婚礼结束后再下。SYNkeep off2. ( ˌhold ˈoff sth, ˌhold ˈoff (from) doing sth) to delay doing sth推迟，拖延（做某事）◆I need to make a decision soon, but I’ll hold off until next week. 我得很快作出决定，但我会拖到下个星期。◆The committee will hold off their decision until they receive the report. 委员会将在收到报告后再作决定。◆I’m holding off buying a dress until the sales start. 我要等开始降价时再买件连衣裙。NOTEHold off is not used with a pronoun object. * hold off 不与代词宾语连用。1[v + adv]2[v + adv][v + adv + n][v + adv + -ing]●ˌhold sb/sth ˈoffto resist an attack by an enemy or an opponent抵抗；抗击◆How long do you think you can hold off the attack? 你认为这轮进攻你能顶多长时间？◆He held off a late challenge from Davies to win the race. 他在后程较量中顶住了戴维斯的冲击，赢得了比赛。[v + adv + n][v + n/pron + adv]●ˌhold ˈon🔑1. (informal) used to ask sb to wait or stop for a short time等一下；停一下◆Hold on a minute—I’m not ready. 稍等一下——我还没准备好呢。◆Hold on! That doesn’t sound right. 等一会儿！这听上去不对劲。2.to survive in a difficult or dangerous situation; to continue doing sth although it is difficult（从困境或险境中）生存下来；坚持住；挺住◆They managed to hold on until help arrived. 他们总算撑到了救援到来。SYNhang on[v + adv]●ˌhold ˈon (to sth/sb)🔑to hold sth/sb tightly; to not let go of sth/sb抓紧；不松手◆Hold on tight—I’m going to speed up! 抓牢——我要加速了！◆Hold on to your hat or it’ll blow away. 捂住帽子，免得被吹跑了。SYNhang onNOTEHold on to sth can also be spelt hold onto sth * hold on to sth 也可写作 hold onto sth◆I had to hold onto the chair for support. 我只好抓着椅子来撑住。[v + adv][v + prep][v + adv + prep]➡ SYNONYMS 同义词辨析hold on (to sth/sb) clasp sth ◇ cling to sth ◇ clutch sth ◇ grip sth ◇ hang on (to sth) ◇ hold on (to sb/sth) These verbs all mean to have sb / sth in your hands, arms, etc. 这些动词都表示抓紧、握紧、抱紧。 clasp sth to hold sb / sth tightly in your hand or in your arms握紧；抱紧He leaned forward, his hands clasped tightly together.他探身向前，双手紧握。She clasped the children in her arms.她将孩子们拥在怀中。 cling to sth to hold sb / sth tightly, especially with your whole body抓紧；抱紧Survivors clung to pieces of floating debris.幸存者紧紧抱着漂浮的残骸碎片。 clutch sth to hold sb / sth tightly, especially in your hand; to take hold of sth suddenly（一把）抓住，握住；抓紧；握紧She clutched her bag tightly in one hand.她一只手死死抓住她的包。 grip sth to hold sth very tightly with your hand抓紧；握紧Grip the rope as tightly as you can.尽量抓牢绳子。▸ grip
noun
[countable, usually singular]Keep a tight grip on the rope.紧紧抓牢绳子。The climber slipped and lost his grip.登山者失足，松开了手。 hang on (to sth) to hold sth very tightly, especially in order to support yourself or stop yourself from falling（尤指为了获得支撑或避免摔倒）抓牢，握紧I hung on to him for support.我抓紧他，靠他撑住我。She was standing at the top of the stairs, hanging on to the banister.她站在楼梯顶端，紧紧抓着栏杆。 hold on (to sth / sb) ( hold onto sb / sth) to continue to hold sb / sth; to put your hand on sb / sth and keep it there抓紧；不松手Hold on and don't let go.抓牢，别放开。It's very windy—you'd better hold on to your hat.风很大——你最好捂住帽子。He held on to the back of the chair to stop himself from falling.他抓住椅背，避免摔倒。 PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONSto clutch / grip / clasp sth in your hand / hands / armsto hold on to / cling to / clutch / grip / clasp / hang on to sb / sth tight / tightly / firmlyto hold on to / cling on to / clutch / grip / clasp / hang on to sb's hand●ˌhold sth ˈonto keep sth in position so that it cannot fall off固定（某物的位置）◆It is these nuts and bolts that hold the wheels on. 就是这些螺母和螺栓把轮子固定住了。[v + n/pron + adv][v + adv + n]●ˌhold ˈonto sb/sth●ˌhold ˈon to sb/sthto keep sth/sb; to not lose sth/sb把…留下来；不失去◆Hold on to the magazines for as long as you like. 尽量把杂志保存久一点。◆The party will hold on to its majority at the next election. 该党在下次选举中将保持其多数优势。◆She’s a good worker. You should hold on to her. 她很能干。你应该把她留住。◆You must pass the ball and not hold onto it. 你得把球传给别人，不要黏球。SYNhang onto sb/sth, hang on to sb/sth (informal) ➡ see also hold on[v + prep][v + adv + prep]●ˌhold ˈout1.if money or supplies, etc. hold out, they last or remain（钱款、供应品等）持续保有，未耗尽◆I’m staying here for as long as my money holds out. 我要在这里一直呆到我的钱花光。◆Do you think the fine weather will hold out? 你认为好天气会持续下去吗？SYNlast out2.(against sb/sth)to resist an attack抵抗；抗击◆The town continues to hold out against enemy bombing. 全镇人继续抵御敌人的轰炸。3.(against sth)to refuse to accept sth that you do not agree with拒绝；拒不接受◆We can’t hold out against industrialization any longer. 我们不能再拒绝工业化了。OPPgive in (to sb/sth)[v + adv]▸ˈholdout
noun
a person or group of people that resists an attack, an enemy or an opponent, or refuses to accept sth抵抗者；拒绝接受者●ˌhold ˈout sthto offer a chance, hope or possibility of sth提供（机会）；给予（希望）；使有可能◆He may come, but I don’t hold out much hope. 他也许会来，可我不抱很大希望。◆This method seems to hold out the greatest promise of success. 这种方法似乎最有希望成功。OBJ the promise/prospect/possibility of…, hopeNOTEHold out is never used with a pronoun object. * hold out 不与代词宾语连用。[v + adv + n]●ˌhold sth ˈout🔑to hold sth such as your hand or sth in your hand, in front of you towards sb else伸出；递出◆She held her cup out for more coffee. 她递过杯子，要求再添点咖啡。◆‘You must be Kate,’ he said, holding out his hand. “你一定是凯特。”他说着，伸出手来。OBJhand[v + n/pron + adv][v + adv + n]●ˌhold ˈout for sthto deliberately delay reaching an agreement in the hope that you will gain sth; to refuse to accept anything less than what you are asking for（为得到更大利益）拖延达成协议；拒绝让步◆Union leaders are holding out for a better deal. 工会领导人拒不让步，以期达成更有利的协议。[v + adv + prep]●ˌhold ˈout on sb (informal) to refuse to tell or give sb sth拒绝告诉（或给予）某人◆You promised to give me the money. Stop holding out on me. 你答应过给我钱的。不许赖。[v + adv + prep]●ˌhold sth ˈover1.to leave sth to be dealt with later搁置；推迟◆We decided to hold the matter over until the next meeting. 我们决定将此事延迟到下次会议处理。SYNpostpone sth2. (NAmE) to show a film/movie or play for longer than planned because it is so successful延长（电影或戏剧）的上演期；加演；加映◆The show is being held over for another month. 该演出会再加演一个月。NOTEOften used in the passive.常用于被动语态。[v + n/pron + adv][v + adv + n]▸ˈholdover
noun
(NAmE) a person who keeps a position of power, for example sb who had a particular position in one government and who still has it in the next留任人员；（曾任职于上届政府的）留任官员●ˌhold sth ˈover sbto use sth that you know about sb in order to threaten them and to make them do what you want抓住某人的把柄；揪住某人的小辫子◆I don’t want to give him anything to hold over me. 我不想给他留下任何把柄来要挟我。[v + n/pron + prep]●ˈhold to sthif you hold to an opinion, a belief, etc., you do not change it坚持（意见、信念等）◆She always holds to her principles. 她始终坚持自己的原则。SYNkeep to sth, stick to sth[v + prep]●ˈhold sb to sth1.to make sb keep a promise要求遵守（诺言）◆‘I promise I’ll take you out to dinner if we win.’ ‘I’ll hold you to that!’ “如果我们赢了，我保证请你出去吃饭。”“你得说话算数啊！”2. (sport体育) to stop your opponent in a sports competition winning more points than you压住（对手）；不让（对方得分超过自己）◆Spain held France to a 1-1 draw. 西班牙队 1:1 逼平了法国队。[v + n/pron + prep]●ˈhold sth to sthto place sth close to sth else把…靠近…放；把…放在…旁边◆He held a knife to her throat. 他用刀顶着她的喉咙。[v + n/pron + prep]●ˌhold toˈgether●ˌhold sth toˈgether1.to remain, or to keep sb/sth, united（使）保持团结◆The coalition has held together for longer than expected. 联盟坚持的时间超出预料。◆Strong bonds of loyalty hold the family together. 忠诚的纽带有力地把全家人凝聚在一起。2.if ideas, arguments, etc. hold together, or sth holds them together, they are logical and the parts agree with each other（思想、论点等）合乎逻辑，相互一致◆His ideas don’t really hold together. 他的观点有些散。◆Words like ‘however’, ‘therefore’, ‘although’, etc. can hold your text together. “可是”、“因此”、“尽管”等词能使文章前后连贯。3.to remain in one piece; to stay in good condition未破碎；完好无损◆It’s a miracle that his car is still holding together. 他的车依然完好，真是个奇迹。◆His trousers were held together by safety pins. 他的裤子是用安全别针别在一块儿的。[v + adv][v + n/pron + adv][v + adv + n]●ˌhold ˈup1.to remain healthy, in good condition or working effectively, especially when there are difficulties支持住；承受住；支撑住◆Sales have held up well, in spite of economic difficulties. 尽管遇到了经济困难，销售额还相当可观。◆How did your tent hold up in the storm? 你的帐篷是如何挺过风暴的？2.if an idea, an argument, etc. holds up, it remains strong when you analyse it carefully（想法、论据等）经得起推敲◆I don’t think his argument really holds up. 我认为他的论证实际上站不住脚。SYNstand up[v + adv]●ˌhold sb/sth ˈup🔑1.to raise sb/sth in the air升起；举起◆She held up her hand to stop him. 她抬起手阻挡他。◆He held up his trophy as the crowd applauded. 在众人的掌声中，他举起奖杯。2.to support sb/sth and prevent it/them from falling支撑；使不垮下◆Her trousers were held up with string. 她的裤子是用带子吊着的。◆The two pillars were holding the ceiling up. 这两根柱子支承着天花板。SYNkeep sth up3.to block or delay the progress of sb/sth阻挡；耽搁◆Roadworks on the motorway are holding up traffic. 高速公路施工阻塞了交通。◆She phoned to say she’d been held up at the office. 她打来电话说，她在办公室脱不开身。◆I don’t want to hold you up. 我不想耽误你的时间。4.to rob a person, a bank, a shop/store, etc. using a gun持枪抢劫（人、银行、商店等）◆Have they caught the people who held up the bank? 他们抓到持枪打劫银行的人了吗？NOTEOften used in the passive.常用于被动语态。[v + adv + n][v + n/pron + adv]4[v + adv + n][v + pron + adv][v + n + adv] (rare) ▸ˈhold-up
noun
1.a delay or sth which causes a delay延误；阻滞◆What’s the hold-up? 遇到什么障碍了？2.an act of robbing a person, a bank, a shop/store, etc. using a gun持枪抢劫●ˌhold sb/sth ˈup as sthto present sb/sth as an example of sth将…作为…的例子◆My mother held up my cousin as an example of a good student. 我母亲把我表哥看作优秀学生的典范。[v + n/pron + adv + prep][v + adv + n + prep]●ˈhold with sthto agree with or approve of sth同意；赞成◆I don’t hold with these new theories on education. 我不赞同这些新的教育理论。NOTEHold with sth is only used in negative sentences and questions. * hold with sth 只用于否定句和疑问句。[v + prep]