| 释义 |
back /bæk/ ► SEE ALLback away (from sth)back away from sthback away from doing sthback down (on/from sth)back offback off (from sth/from doing sth)back off sth back onto sth back outback out of sthback out of doing sthback upback sb/sth upback upback sth upback sb/sth upback sth up●ˌback aˈway (from sth) to move backwards away from sb/sth frightening or unpleasant 畏缩；退避；躲避◆He stepped forward and she backed away in alarm.
他走上前来，她慌忙往后退。◆The child backed away from the dog nervously.
小孩紧张地后退躲避那条狗。SYN retreat (from sb/sth) (more formal) ➡ see also back off (2)[v + adv] [v + adv + prep]●ˌback aˈway from sth●ˌback aˈway from doing sthto avoid doing sth unpleasant or difficult; to show that you no longer support an action or an idea 背弃，不再支持（某行动或想法）◆We will not back away from tough measures.
我们不会手软。◆The union has backed away from calling a strike.
工会放弃了罢工号召。[v + adv + prep]●ˌback ˈdown (on/from sth) to take back a claim or a demand that you have made, or sth that you have said, usually because sb forces you to （被迫）收回，放弃，取消（主张、要求、言论等）◆Neither of them will back down on this issue.
在这一问题上他俩都不会退让。◆His critics were forced to back down.
批评他的人被迫偃旗息鼓了。SYN climb down (over sth) , give in (to sb/sth) ➡ see also back off (from sth/from doing sth), back off sth[v + adv]●ˌback ˈoff1. (informal) to stop threatening or annoying sb 放过（某人）；不再烦扰（某人）◆Back off and let me make my own decisions.
别烦我，让我自己拿主意。◆The press have agreed to back off and leave the couple alone.
新闻媒体同意不再打扰这对夫妇。2. to move away from sb/sth frightening or unpleasant 畏缩；退避；躲避◆As the head teacher approached, the children backed off.
校长过来时，孩子们都闪开了。SYN retreat (from sb/sth) ➡ see also back away, back away from sth[v + adv]●ˌback ˈoff (from sth/from doing sth) ●ˌback ˈoff sth (especially NAmE) to decide not to continue to do sth or support an idea, in order to avoid a difficult or unpleasant situation 放弃（继续做某事）；不再支持（某想法）◆The government backed off in the face of strong opposition.
面对强烈的反对，政府退却了。◆He refused to back off from his earlier statement.
他拒绝撤回先前的声明。◆The rebels backed off their demand for meeting with the President.
反叛分子放弃了与总统会面的要求。 ➡ see also back down (on/from sth)[v + adv] [v + prep]●ˌback ˈonto sth (BrE) if a building backs onto sth, it has sth behind it （建筑物）背向，背对，背靠◆The hotel backs onto the golf course.
旅馆的后面是高尔夫球场。[v + prep]●ˌback ˈout●ˌback ˈout of sth●ˌback ˈout of doing sthto decide not to do sth that you had agreed or promised to do 变卦；撒手不干；背弃（承诺）◆Everything’s arranged. It’s too late to back out now.
一切都安排妥了。现在退出为时已晚。◆There’s still time to back out of selling the house.
现在改主意不卖房子还来得及。SYN pull out, pull out of sth, pull out of doing sth, withdraw (from sth) (more formal) [v + adv] [v + adv + prep]●ˌback ˈup●ˌback sb/sth ˈupto move backwards a short distance, especially in a vehicle; to make sb/sth move backwards a short distance （使）后退；倒（车）◆The truck in front is going to have to back up.
前面的那辆卡车看来不得不倒一下车了。◆You can back up another two metres or so.
你可以再退两米左右。◆Jeff backed the van up and drove off quickly.
杰夫倒了倒车，然后飞快地开走了。◆The woman was backed up against the wall.
那名女子被迫退到了墙边。SYN reverse, reverse sth (more formal) [v + adv] [v + n/pron + adv] [v + adv + n]●ˌback ˈup●ˌback sth ˈupif traffic backs up or is backed up, it cannot move and forms a long line （车辆）拥堵，阻塞，排起长龙◆Two lanes were closed by the accident, causing cars to back up for miles.
事故导致两条车道被封，汽车拥塞长达几英里。◆The traffic is backed up to the traffic lights.
车辆在交通信号灯处堵住了。 NOTE Nearly always used in the passive. 几乎总是用于被动语态。[v + adv] [v + n/pron + adv] [v + adv + n]●ˌback sb/sth ˈup1. to say or show that what sb says is true 证明，证实（某人所言）◆If I tell my parents I was with you, will you back me up?
假若我对父母说当时我和你在一起，你肯为我作证吗？ ◆His version of events is not backed up by the evidence.
他对事件的说法缺乏证据支持。OBJ statement, claim ➡ SYNONYMS 同义词辨析back sb/sth up
back sb/sth up ◇ bear sb/sth out ◇ confirm sth ◇ corroborate sth ◇ substantiate sth
These verbs all mean to support what sb says by stating or showing that it is definitely true or correct. 这些动词都表示支持、证明、证实。
back sb / sth up
to support what sb says; to say that what sb says is true 为…作证；证实（言论）I'll back you up if they don't believe you. 如果他们不相信你，我会为你作证。The writer doesn't back up his opinions with examples. 作者并未援引实例证明他的观点。
bear sb / sth out (especially BrE)
to support a claim, a theory or what sb says 支持，证实（主张、理论或言论）The other witnesses will bear me out. 其他证人会为我作证。The other witnesses will bear out what I say. 其他证人会证明我所言属实。
confirm sth
to state or show that sth is definitely true or correct, especially by providing evidence （尤指提供证据）证实，确认，肯定Rumours of job losses were later confirmed. 裁员的传闻后来得到证实。His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions. 他愧疚的神情证实了我的怀疑。
corroborate sth [often passive] (formal)
to provide evidence that proves or supports a claim, theory or other evidence 证实，确证（主张、理论或其他证据）The evidence was corroborated by two independent witnesses. 该项证据得到了两名独立证人的佐证。▸ corroboration noun [uncountable]
substantiate sth [often passive] (formal)
to provide evidence that proves or supports a claim or sth that sb has said 证明，证实（主张或言辞）They made accusations which could not be substantiated. 他们提出了指控，但是无凭无据。▸ substantiation noun [uncountable]
WHICH WORD?
Substantiate and corroborate have similar meanings but they tend to be used with different words. Both go with claim but substantiate is also used with criticism, remark and point; corroborate is commonly used with findings, theory, results and evidence. Back sb / sth up has a similar meaning to substantiate sth, but substantiate is more formal; substantiate cannot have a person as its object. Back sb / sth up and substantiate imply that you are providing information to prove sth; bear sb / sth out and confirm sth imply that the facts are already there. * substantiate 和 corroborate 含义相近，但一般与不同的词语连用。两者都与 claim 连用，但 substantiate 还与 criticism、remark 和 point 连用，而 corroborate 通常与 findings、theory、results 和 evidence 连用。back sb / sth up 和 substantiate sth 含义相近，但 substantiate 更正式，并且 substantiate 不能以人作宾语。back sb / sth up 和 substantiate 含有提供信息以资证明之意； bear sb / sth out 和 confirm sth 含有事实已经存在之意。
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONSto confirm / bear out that / what… it was confirmed that… to confirm whether… to confirm / substantiate / back up / corroborate / bear out a claim / statement / story / theory 2. to support or help sb/sth 支持；帮助◆Melissa complained that her husband never backed her up when it came to dealing with the children.
梅利莎抱怨丈夫从未帮她管教过孩子。◆Backing her up (= playing music to support her) was the band ‘Midnight Express’.
为她伴奏的是“午夜快车”乐队。SYN support sb/sth[v + n/pron + adv] [v + adv + n] (less frequent) ▸ ˈbackup noun [countable, uncountable] (NAmE, music 音乐) (usually used as an adjective 通常用作形容词)
music that supports the main singer or player in popular music （流行音乐的）伴唱，伴奏◆a backup singer for Stevie Wonder
史蒂维・旺德的伴唱歌手◆She once sang backup for Madonna.
她曾经为麦当娜伴唱。●ˌback sth ˈup1. (computing 计算机) to make a copy of a file, a program, etc. that can be used if the original one is lost or damaged 备份（文件、程序等）◆We back up all the files every night.
我们每晚都给所有文件做备份。OBJ file, document2. to add sth extra to sth, especially as a support 补充；辅助；支持◆The lectures will be backed up by practical work.
课堂讲授将辅以实际操作。◆They backed up their demands with threats.
他们以恐吓手段要挟满足其要求。[v + n/pron + adv] [v + adv + n]▸ ˈbackup noun 1. [countable] (computing 计算机) a copy of a file, program, etc. for use in case the original is lost or damaged （文件、程序等的）备份◆Have you kept a backup of this file?
这份文件你备份了吗？◆a backup disk
备份磁盘2. [uncountable] support or help that you can use in order to do sth 支持；帮助；援助◆military backup
军事援助◆They have a huge backup team.
他们有一支庞大的后援队。3. [countable] a second piece of equipment, person, etc. that can replace another if necessary 备用器械；替补人员；后备◆He’s our backup if another player isn’t available.
如果我们有队员无法上场，就由他替补。◆the backup plan
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