It can be seen from the table that there was a pronounced decrease in average maximum strain of the laminated crossarms as the number of utility pole
plies in the crossarms increased, while average MOR of the four composition crossarm groups fluctuated mildly at about 65 MPa.
Laminated crossarms made from decommissioned chromated copper arsenate-treated utility pole wood. Part I: mechanical and acoustic properties
Steiner obtained encouraging results with an intermediate approach, whereby thermoplastic PEEK and polyethersulfone (PES) particles were dispersed in thermoset cyanate ester resin mainly in the interlaminar region between prepreg
plies. This was accomplished by using large enough thermoplastic resin particles (11 microns) to be trapped in the outer regions of the prepreg by the carbon-fiber fabric.
Advanced composites
To cope with these stresses, more tires will be equipped with cap
plies, and greater performance will be demanded from those cap
plies.
New platform technologies for cap ply
* Body or carcass
plies - rubber coated polyester, nylon, rayon, aramid or steel cords.
An overview of tire technology
Special features of PEN make it desirable as a tire reinforcement in high performance passenger tire carcass, truck carcass and passenger tire cap
plies.
The potential of PEN for tire reinforcement: replacing PET, rayon and even steel
Diffusion of oxygen through the innerliner and other
plies supports oxidative reactions in the body of the tire (ref 1) gradually degrading the material properties of the internal components.
FEA of diffusion-reaction in tires
Typical of preassembly tasks are assembly of tire body or carcass
plies, breaker
plies, application of apex (a filler which fairs the body
plies to the bead), application of flipper stock (a reinforcement tying the bead to the tire body
plies) and application of bead cover stock (either gum or rubberized fabric) to the bead.
Accessory equipment for tire manufacturing
This is because it is important to get good flow of the compound (to get good ply-to-ply adhesion and bonding to the metal core) and to allow any entrapped air within or between
plies to dissolve or escape to the surface of the roll before curing takes place.
Compounding requirements and techniques for rubber covered rolls
Not only are the angles (P, y) that the steel cords in the second and third belt
plies (8,9) form with the circumferential direction (A-A) approximately equal, but also the angles (a, 6) that the steel cords in the first and fourth belt
plies (7, 10) form with the circumferential direction (A-A) are likewise approximately equal.
Pneumatic vehicle tire with four steel cord belt plies
Not only must we determine the design variables that influence the properties of a metallic tube (such as the inner diameter and wall thickness), but we must also determine some typical design variables for laminated composites, such as the ply orientations and number of
plies. Intelligent optimization algorithms, especially evolutionary algorithms, are widely used for the optimization of composite laminated tube designs.
Design Optimization of Composite Laminated Tube Based on Improved Niching Evolutionary Algorithm
Hanks, West and McMinn developed a fiber-reinforced resin composite for ballistic protection consisting of multiple
plies of a woven fabric and resin.
Lighter antiballistic protection
Manual operations can for example be found in material handling, when picking prepreg
plies from a cutter table and stacking them to form a plane laminate in preparation for a subsequent forming operation.
Low-cost automation for prepreg handling - Two cases from the aerospace industry
In many existing AFP cells manual inspection of composite
plies accounts for a large percentage of production time.
Automated in-process inspection system for AFP machines
MilliCap Reinforcement Tape technology can produce an extruded nylon tape with two times the modulus of current cap
plies. The higher modulus, coupled with the sub-millimeter rubber cement coating, provides three key benefits: decreased cap ply usage, improved tire performance and reduced manufacturing steps.
Better reinforcement