Kennedy started to lay the groundwork for
affirmative action in 1961 when he signed an executive order instructing government agencies to "not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin."
DOJ To Investigate College Affirmative Action
While all racial and gender groups' support for affirmative action is higher for programs aimed at women than those aimed at minorities, differences in support for the two programs vary by subgroup.
Less Than Half of Republicans Support Affirmative Action for Minorities
Higher Support for Gender Affirmative Action Than Race
Despite the Fisher case upholding race-based affirmative action, the court stated that a public university must exhaust all nonracial methods for promoting diversity and only turn to race-conscious policies after finding that "no workable race-neutral alternative would produce the educational benefits of diversity," thus ensuring that an admission policy is narrowly tailored to the goal of diversity.
In the aftermath of the court's Schuette decision, those committed to inclusive and democratic education and societies are now obligated to first explore "race-neutral" alternatives such as "pipeline" projects that seek to mentor younger students in preparation for their application to universities, socioeconomic-based affirmative action, and other polices using proxies for race-based stratification.
Affirmative action: a major requirement: by removing unconscious discrimination from the admissions process, universities can give all students an equal chance of acceptance
of a personal letter, the former Clinton administration official informs her twin 6-year-old sons that she believes they do not "need or deserve
affirmative action" that will consider their race as a factor in college admissions.
An end to affirmative action? In her new book, law professor Sheryll Cashin pushes for a fresh look at affirmative action
In Egypt, where quota systems and
affirmative action policies are loosely applied, the situation is much different.
Does Egypt Need Affirmative Action?
Opponents see the current case as an opportunity to end or curb
affirmative action, which they consider reverse discrimination.
Race matters: the Supreme Court has agreed to reconsider the use of race in college admissions
Over the years,
affirmative action has been truncated by judicial rulings and banned by voters in some states.
The enduring relevance of affirmative action
Affirmative action efforts are weakened by the new-age movement towards diversity and inclusion.
An examination of affirmative action, diversity and justice
Yuill writes from the perspective of one who believes that scholars focusing on the implementation and expansion of
affirmative action programs have emphasized the civil rights movement, the presidency of Lyndon B.
Richard Nixon and the Rise of Affirmative Action: The Pursuit of Racial Equality in an Era of Limits
Affirmative action as a policy initiative is politically controversial; it has spawned a significant amount of scholarship from both opponents and proponents.
Affirmative action, the academy and compromised standards: does affirmative action lower standards in university hiring, tenure and promotion?
The current setup of
affirmative action fails to address this issue, however.
Should Black people let affirmative action die? Yes
A number of different explanations have been offered for this ambivalent opposition to
affirmative action among whites.
The colour of success: a qualitative study of affirmative action attitudes of black academics in South Africa
Barack Obama, National Urban League President Marc Morial, and Southern Christian Leadership Conference President Martin Luther King III lent their support to local
affirmative action advocates to fight the ban.
Nationwide attack on affirmative action: Michigan loss leaves proponents retooling their strategy for future battles